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The fact that a test is reliable only means that the test is consistently measuring a construct, it does not indicate what construct the test is consistently measuring. The concept of validity addresses this issue. As Kline (1993) notes “a test is said to be valid if it measures what it claims to measure”. An important point to note here is that a test’s reliability sets an upper bound for its validity. That is to say, a test cannot be more valid than it is reliable because if it is not consistently measuring a construct it cannot be consistently measuring the construct it was developed to assess. Therefore, when evaluating the psychometric properties of a test its reliability is usually assessed before addressing the question of its validity. There are two principle ways in which a test can be said to be valid. These are termed; construct validity and criterion validity.
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